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Biological control is first recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally placed in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Additionally in China, ducks were used in paddy fields to consume pests, as exemplified in ancient cave art. In 1762, an Indian mynah was introduced to Mauritius to control locusts, and about precisely the same period, citrus trees in Burma were connected by bamboos to allow ants to maneuver between them and help control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a method of controlling pests like insects and fleas by using other organisms.8 It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the pest which are bred in the lab and released into the environment.
Ideally, the released organism will strain and survive, and provide long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For instance: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium which infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water resources.10
Mechanical pest control is using hands-on techniques as well as simple equipment and devices, that provides a protective barrier between plants and insects. This is known as tillage and is one of the earliest methods of weed control in addition to being used for pest control; wireworms, the larvae of the common click beetle, are very destructive pests of newly ploughed grassland, and perennial cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators which feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help to control pests by depriving them of their host plants. It's an important tactic in the control of corn rootworm, and has decreased early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by up to 95 percent.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant that attracts pests, diverting them from nearby plants.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be easily controlled using pesticides or other methods.14 However, trap-cropping, on its own, has often failed to price effectively reduce pest densities on big commercial scales, without using pesticides, possibly as a result of pests' ability to disperse back into the main area.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control pests. However, effective control by pesticides is not you can look here simple; the ideal formulation must be chosen, the timing is often crucial, the method of application is important, adequate coverage and retention on the harvest are necessary.
This is very important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of insects and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and such co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the plants are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where progressive farmers are using fertilisers to develop enhanced crop varieties, these are often more vulnerable to insect damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides might be detrimental in the longer term.15.
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The effectiveness of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. This is because any organism which manages to survive the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain is going to be developed. In this manner, some of the very serious pests have developed resistance and are no longer killed by pesticides which used to kill their ancestors.
